增温和氮添加对长江源区高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸的影响

为探究高寒湿地生态系统对气候变化的响应,本研究对模拟增温（2.64℃）、氮添加（40 kg N·ha^-2·yr^-1）及其交互处理下的高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸进行了2个生长季的监测。结果表明：增温显著提高了高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸（约25%）,而氮添加对高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸无显著影响;增温降低了高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸对土壤温度变化的敏感性。在相对温暖的2015年生长季,增温和氮添加对生态系统呼吸起到协同促进作用。分析发现高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸主要受表层土壤温度、植物生物量和土壤可溶性有机碳的影响;增温显著提高了植物地上和地下生物量,增强了自养呼吸,是增温提高生态系统呼吸的主要原因。本研究结果表明相比于大气氮沉降增加,高寒沼泽草甸生态系统呼吸对气候变暖的响应更加敏感。     

冯家山水库供水调度及调洪计算分析

利用千河千阳水文站 195 7～ 1993年的水沙资料 ,依据冯家山水库的运用模式 ,建立了冯家山水库淤积数学模型。在数学模型计算得到水位 -库容关系的基础上 ,对不同频率的洪水进行了不同淤积年限库容的调洪计算 ,得到了 2 0 30年各需水部门的供水调度结果。结果表明 ,每年向宝鸡市供水 6 0 0 0万 m3,向宝鸡第二发电厂供水 4 0 0 0万 m3,供水保证率为 97.3% ,满足设计标准 97%的要求 ;多年平均供农业灌溉用水 14 910万 m3,供水保证率为 5 9.5 % ,超过设计要求的 5 0 % ;向羊毛湾水库供水 30 0 0万 m3,供水保证率为 6 2 .2 %。     

降水、氮沉降及放牧对草地生态系统凋落物分解的影响研究进展

草地生态系统对我国建设生态文明、提供生态系统服务、保障食品安全和维护边疆稳定有举足轻重的作用。全球气候变化和过度的人为干扰打破了草地生态系统原有的平衡及稳定性,造成草地退化、沙化和盐渍化现象严重。草地生态系统结构、功能与过程的稳定是保证草地生态系统稳定的基础。凋落物分解过程是草地物质循环的重要环节,对维持草地生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。草地生态系统凋落物分解对降水格局变化、大气氮沉降增加及放牧干扰的响应已有较多的研究。对目前国内外相关研究进行了梳理和总结,发现降水、氮沉降和放牧对草地生态系统凋落物分解的影响,因地理位置和气候变化以及草地类型的异质性而不同,也有针对同一地区开展的研究呈现不同结果的现象。目前对这三种干扰因素中的两因素或三因素交互作用对草地生态系统凋落物分解过程的影响研究较少,而研究气候变化及人为干扰对草地生态系统凋落物的影响对正确理解草地生态系统结构与功能,以及可持续利用与保护草地生态系统具有重要的意义。     

纳米SiC沉积量对化学复合镀层耐磨性影响

采用单因素试验方法,分别研究了表面活性剂、施镀温度、镀液pH值、转子转速、镀液中纳米粉体浓度5个因素对纳米SiC在Ni-P基化学复合镀层中沉积量的影响规律。结果表明:同时添加阴离子和非离子做表面活性剂,镀液温度达到(90±1)℃,pH值为5±0.5,机械搅拌转子转速为60 r/min,镀液中纳米粉体的浓度为35g/L时,镀层中能够沉积更多纳米粒子;而镀液中纳米粉体浓度为4.5g/L时,复合镀层的相对耐磨性较好。该工艺可用于农业机械关键工作零件表面强化。     

Evaluation of elemental depletion weathering rate estimation methods on acid-sensitive soils of north-eastern Alberta, Canada

Immobile element-based weathering estimation methods assume that Zr (or Ti) is an immobile element, and that weathering rates of other elements can be estimated according to the enrichment of Zr in weathered horizons relative to an unweathered parent material. This approach was used to estimate base cation weathering rates for 33 soil profiles on acid-sensitive terrain in north-eastern Alberta. Zirconium generally showed enrichment within the rooting zone, but the deepest (subsoil) samples were not always associated with the lowest Zr concentrations. Weathering rates estimated with the Zr depletion and Pedological Mass Balance (PMB) methods were generally low (ranges: 0-51 and 0-58 mmol_c m^− 2 yr^− 1, respectively); however, low base cation oxide concentrations and heterogeneity within soil profiles complicated weathering rate calculations and net base cation gains were calculated for several (six) sites. Evaluation of the Zr depletion and PMB weathering estimates against those calculated with the process-oriented PROFILE model at a subset (n = 9) of the sites indicated the estimates were poorly related, with PROFILE rates typically being higher. The effects-based emissions management strategy for acid precursors in this region requires spatial coverage of soil properties (including weathering rates) across a large area, but the apparent limitations associated with the immobile element based methods in this region: identifying representative parent soils and deriving weathering rate estimates comparable to more robust methods are arguments against their candidacy for future use.     

风幕式静电喷杆喷雾喷头雾化与雾滴沉积性能试验

为了解决传统施药方式药液在植株中下冠层沉积量不足、雾滴粒径分布不均匀等问题,对常规喷杆喷雾扇形喷头设计了一种双平板感应式荷电装置,试验测量了该扇形静电喷头产生的雾滴荷质比、空间上的横向和纵向粒径分布并验证了在风幕和静电作用下雾滴的沉积性能。试验结果表明:荷质比随着静电电压的增大先增大后趋于稳定,随喷雾压力的增大而减小;静电作用能够减小雾滴粒径,并且使雾滴粒径横向分布更加均匀;随着喷头远离测量装置,纵向雾滴粒径逐渐增大;风幕作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,相同条件下,有风幕时雾滴沉积分布的变异系数为0.645,与无风幕时的0.871降低了25.95%;静电作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,在静电电压0和6 kV作用下,雾滴沉积分布的变异系数减小了50.2%;荷电条件下,随着喷雾压力的增大,雾滴的沉积分布均匀性反而会减小。该研究可为进一步研究新型喷头荷电装置及风幕式喷杆喷雾机的研发提供参考。     

密闭空间药雾浓度测量的试验方法研究

运用改进后的大气采样器，建立了一种对密闭空间细雾流分批采样分批分析的研究方法。对于采样参数组合的选取以及双侧采样的空间差异性进行了研究和统计判断，得出了最佳采样参数组合为采样时间5min，采气量5L／min。基于最佳采样参数组合，发现沉降曲线中存在分段点现象，分段点在喷雾结束后13min，也即开始喷雾后27min附近。针对分段点现象，给出了分段拟合的细雾流浓度沉降曲线及解析描述。采用改进的大气采样器可以获取喷雾结束后79rnin内的浓度数据，文献[13]中所用的采样方法只能得到喷雾结束后45min左右的浓度数据，因此该方法对药雾浓度沉降曲线的尾部特征描述能提供更多的信息。     

Estimation of Deposition Velocities for 85Sr, 131I, 137Cs on Spinach,Radish and Beans Leaves in a Tropical Region Under Simulated Fallout Conditions

Poly dispersive aerosols of SrCl₂, NaI, CsCl having a size distribution of 2.33 m (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter, [AMAD]) with a geometric standard deviation of 1.83 m are used for the determination of deposition velocity for ⁸⁵Sr, ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs aerosols on tropical spinach (Spinicia olericia), radish (Raphanous sative) and beans (Phasolous valugeries) plant leaves. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed exposure chamber to simulate deposition under accidental releases of radioactivity in tropical environment. The rates of particles deposition are expressed as a function of plant surface area and of plant dry weight. The deposition velocities obtained are in the range of 10^–6 to 10^–7 m/s. These values differ significantly from those in temperate regions. The lower values for deposition velocities (v _g) for the tropical environment is attributed due to high humidity. Therefore, the deposition of suspended aerosols on leaf surfaces caused by impaction and Brownian diffusion becomes slower in tropical environment and resulted into lower value of deposition velocities.     

Pathways and dynamics of NO3 and NH4 applied in a mountain Picea abies forest and in a nearby meadow in central Switzerland

To evaluate the pathways and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in previously N-limited ecosystems, field additions of ¹⁵N tracers were conducted in two mountain ecosystems, a forest dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and a nearby meadow, at the Alptal research site in central Switzerland. This site is moderately impacted by N from agricultural and combustion sources, with a bulk atmospheric deposition of 12 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ equally divided between NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Pulses of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were applied separately as tracers on plots of 2.25 m². Several ecosystem pools were sampled at short to longer-term intervals (from a few hours to 1 year), above and belowground biomass (excluding trees), litter layer, soil LF horizon (approx. 5-0 cm), A horizon (approx. 0-5 cm) and gleyic B horizon (5-20 cm). Furthermore, extractable inorganic N, and microbial N pools were analysed in the LF and A horizons. Tracer recovery patterns were quite similar in both ecosystems, with most of the tracer retained in the soil pool. At the short-term (up to 1 week), up to 16% of both tracers remained extractable or entered the microbial biomass. However, up to 30% of the added ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was immobilised just after 1 h, and probably chemically bound to soil organic matter. 16% of the NH₄⁺ tracer was also immobilised within hours, but it is not clear how much was bound to soil organic matter or fixed between layers of illite-type clay. While the extractable and microbial pools lost ¹⁵N over time, a long-term increase in ¹⁵N was measured in the roots. Otherwise, differences in recovery a few hours after labelling and 1 year later were surprisingly small. Overall, more NO₃⁻ tracer than NH₄⁺ tracer was recovered in the soil. This was due to a strong aboveground uptake of the deposited NH₄⁺ by the ground vegetation, especially by mosses.     

Nitrogen deposition and dissolved organic carbon production in northern temperate forests

Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) alters the decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems by changing the expression of key microbial enzymes. We investigated the effects of experimental N deposition on dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils of three forest ecosystems representative of the upper Great Lakes region: the sugar maple/basswood (SMBW), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO) and white oak/black oak (WOBO) ecosystems. Mineral soil samples were collected on five dates from ambient and N-amended plots (80 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in three replicate stands of each forest type. DOM was extracted (2:1, water:soil) from each soil sample and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DOC concentration was significantly greater in the N-amended soils (on average: 24% higher for SMBW, 9% for SMRO, and 40% for BOWO). In June and October 2002, bioassays were performed to assess N treatment effects on the composition of DOM and its interacting bacterial community. Within each site, DOM extracts from the ambient and N-amended plots were reciprocally inoculated with bacteria from each plot. After a 48 h incubation at 20 °C, community activity in each microcosm was profiled by measuring 10 extracellular enzyme activities (EEA). MANOVA showed that ecosystem type, sampling date, DOM source (ambient or N-amended plot) and inoculum source (ambient or N-amended plot) all had significant effects on bioassay EEA. Post hoc tests (Tukey's HSD) found significant reductions in oxidative enzyme activity as a result of the N treatment. In general, the bioassay results corroborated a previous report describing losses in soil oxidative enzyme activity in response to N saturation. However, it is not clear whether increased DOC concentration is the direct result of reduced oxidative activity.